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Re-education through labor (RTL) (), abbreviated ''laojiao'' () is a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China which is generally used to detain persons for minor crimes such as petty theft, prostitution, and trafficking illegal drugs, as well as religious or political dissidents such as Falun Gong adherents. It is separate from the much larger ''laogai'' system of prison labour camps. Sentences under re-education through labor are typically for one to three years, with the possibility of an additional one-year extension. They are issued as a form of administrative punishment by police, rather than through the judicial system. While incarcerated, detainees are often subject to some form of political education. The re-education through labor system has been in place since 1957 and was subjected to minor reforms by the Chinese government in 2007. Estimates on the number of RTL detainees on any given year ranges from 190,000 to two million. ''China Daily'' in 2007 estimated that there were a total of 310 re-education centers in China at that time.〔 On November 15, 2013, the Chinese government announced its decision to abolish the re-education through labor system. However, a full plan or schedule of the system's dissolution has not yet been presented. ==Re-education through labor and the Chinese penal system== The People's Republic of China employs several forms of corrections for people who have been arrested, of which re-education through labor was one. The Laogai Research Foundation classifies re-education through labor as a sub-component under the umbrella of the ''laogai'' ("reform through labor") criminal justice system,〔 which generally refers to prisons, prison farms, and labor camps for convicted criminals. Re-education through labor, on the other hand, refers to detentions for persons who are not considered criminals or have only committed minor offenses.〔 ((Archived version )).〕〔 Persons detained under re-education through labor were detained in facilities which are separate from the general prison system; furthermore, detainees in these re-education facilities receive a small salary, which ''laogai'' detainees do not, and in theory have shorter work hours.〔 The ''laogai'' system is much larger than the re-education through labor system, with the Laogai Research Foundation identifying 1,045 ''laogai'' camps in 2006 (compared to 346 re-education centers).〔 Both systems, however, involve penal labor and often do not allow trials or judicial hearings.〔 The term "reform through labor" or ''laogai'' was officially replaced with "prison" in 1994,〔 and the term "re-education center" or ''láojiàosuǒ'' (劳教所) was replaced with "correctional center" in 2007.〔 Other components of the prison system include detention centers for individuals awaiting sentence or execution,〔Laogai Handbook (2006), p. 20.〕 and juvenile detention camps for individuals under a minimum age (which has varied through the years, and may currently be under 14).〔Laogai Handbook (2006), p. 22.〕 The system formerly included components such as custody and repatriation for individuals without a residence permit;〔 "forced job placement,"〔 which has not been widely practiced since the 1990s;〔Laogai Handbook (2006), p. 16.〕 and "shelter and investigation," a system of detentions for individuals under legal investigation, which was abolished in 1996.〔 The Laogai Research Foundation also classifies psychiatric facilities, or ''ankang'', as a form of detention for political dissidents,〔Laogai Handbook (2006), p. 23.〕 although it is not officially recognized as part of the ''laogai'' penal system.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「reeducation through labor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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